answer. Since Josiah came to the throne as a child, he must have lived under a regent, which explains why no king is mentioned by Joel. But the manner in which it is carried out may change because man may change. Yet not 2. Isaiah was a prophet of the southern kingdom, living in a critical period of his nation. Here Paul affirms that the rejection of the Jews did not mean that the promises of God had taken none effect (Romans 9:6), and explains immediately that they are to become effective through spiritual Israel. Yet, since Gods purposes are immutable (Psalms 33:11; Prov. Four verses, Isaiah 45:12; 48:13; and Jeremiah 10:12; 51:15 use the Qal perfect form. The Assyrian capital city of Nineveh was captured and destroyed by the combined forces of Media and Babylonia in 612 B.C., which is, accordingly, the latest possible date for Nahum. A less-well-defined school of interpretation bases its approach to the prophetic portions of the Old Testament on the theory that the prophet, while bearing messages to the people of his day, also took occasional excursions into the distant future, with the result that many of his forecasts did not apply to literal Israel at all, but were intended exclusively for Israel after the spirit, that is, for the church today. Haggais courageous ministry was responsible for the resumption of the rebuilding of the Temple in the time of Darius I, after the work had ceased for some time (Ezra 4:24; 5:1). Furthermore, the repeated mention of Judahs wickedness, described as enormous in his day (see chapters 1:4-6, 8, 9, 12; 3:1-3, 7), points to the time before Josiahs reform, which began in 623/22. Without this, the many advantages would only result in harm to themselves and to others. However, the chronological data given by Micah are against such an identification and show that a century or more lies between the two men. did Isaiah primarily live? As individuals and as a nation God proposed to furnish the people of Israel with every facility for becoming the greatest nation on the earth (see Deuteronomy 4:6-8; 7:6, 14; 28:1; Jeremiah 33:9; Malachi 3:12). He played an important role during two momentous periods: (1) under Ahaz, during the war between Syria and Israel (chapters 7-11), and (2) under Hezekiah, during a siege of Jerusalem by Sennacherib chapters 36; 37). The fourth school of interpretation may, at times, arrive at a valid application of the predictive portions of Old Testament prophecy to the church today and to its future experience, but neglects the primary application of these messages to their historical setting, and proceeds, quite arbitrarily, to determine that certain selected passages were written more or less exclusively for the church today. WebLast time you checked the cover of your family Bible, it probably didnt say The Bible, by God. since nearly all are named and credit given to a specific writer: the book of Isaiah to Isaiah, the books of Jeremiah and Lamentations to Jeremiah, the book of Ezekiel to Ezekiel, and so on. The response of the prophets is contrasted: Jeremiah is spontaneous and candid, while Ezekiel makes no spoken reply in the call narrative (pp. But it is only against the background of the original historical context of the message that its meaning and value for us can be established with certainty. They were to show forth His praise (chapter 43:21), to declare His glory among the heathen (chapter 66:19), to be a light to the Gentiles (chapters 49:6; 42:6, 7). As the nations of antiquity should behold Israels unprecedented progress, their attention and interest would be aroused. Remember that the record of Gods dealings with His people in ages past has been recorded for the benefit of all later generations to the end of time. Isaiah 3:12; 9:16) meant the permanent, irrevocable cancellation of their special standing before God as a nation (cf. Jeremiah 32:17 highlights this point by stating, "O Sovereign Lord! They cherished the idea that they were favorites of Heaven, and were ungrateful for the opportunities so graciously afforded them. question. chapter 9:7; Isaiah 66:23). Jeremiah (Yirmiyahu) It was Jeremiahs lot in life to be known throughout the ages as the prophet of doom, for he was G-ds main spokesman in the generation of the destruction of Jerusalems first Temple. Tools. Having begun his ministry in the time of Uzziah, king of Judah, and Jeroboam II, king of Israel (chapter 1:1), Hosea continued until the time of Hezekiah, king of Judah (chapter 1:1). In the 5th year of Jehoiachins captivity, 593/92, Ezekiel had his first vision by the river Chebar, a canal near the famous city of Nippur in lower Babylonia (chapter 1:1-3). This division, though tragic, served to insulate, for a time, the southern kingdom, Judah, from the tide of idolatry that soon engulfed the northern kingdom, Israel (see Hosea 4:17). The gates of Jerusalem would be open continually to receive the wealth contributed to Israel for the conversion of still other nations and peoples (Isaiah 60:1-11, RSV; Psalms 72:10; Isaiah 45:14; Haggai 2:7, RSV). Prophecies that fall into the latter classification are to be fulfilled in principle but not necessarily in every detail, owing to the fact that many details of prophecy were concerned with Israel as a literal nation situated in the land of Palestine. The prophets vivid description of the catastrophe that had befallen Thebes leaves the impression that the event was still fresh in the memory of the people, whereas Assyrias power, although waning, was not yet near its end. They would gather themselves together and come from far (Isaiah 49:18, 12, 6, 8, 9, 22; Psalms 102:22). Ch 2: Israel Forsakes God Ch 3:6 Unfaithful Israel Ch 4:5 Disaster From the North Ch 5: Not One Is Upright Ch 6: Jerusalem Under Siege Jer 11 - 12 2, 4 Ch 11: The Covenant Is Broken; Plot Against Christianity is a historical religion, and its inspired messages are anchored to the hills and valleys, the deserts and rivers, of the ancient world, and to literal men and women who once walked the earth. WebJer 31:34. However, that earthquake must have been very severe, for the memory of it was still fresh in the minds of people who lived 250 years later, as Zechariah 14:5 shows. Joel 1:15; 2:1, 32) can hardly serve as evidence for either a late or an early date. In their meticulous attention to the letter of the law they lost sight of its spirit. A closer dating is impossible in spite of the statement that his first divine message came to him two years before the earthquake (chapter 1:1), because the date of this event is unknown. Enigmatic is his statement that this 5th year of captivity was also the thirtieth year. It is believed that the prophet refers either to his own age or to that year as the 30th year reckoned from the reform which took place during the 18th year of Josiah. Several of his messages were against various foreign nations. The prophets thus provided a firm foundation for the faith of the apostolic church and made a direct and vital contribution to the Christian faith. Jeremiah 1:7 But the LORD told me: "Do not say, 'I am only a child.' But they are to be saved as Christians and not as Jews. WebAnd Isaiah did so, walking around naked and barefoot. 1 Kings 22:28). By Which king? This fact weakens the arguments for such a late date. New King James Version 2 Kings 20:1-5; and of promised blessing, see Exodus 6:2-8; cf. 34:23) 622 Jeremiah 11 and 12 are given. The postexilic view.The absence of any reference to a king of Judah or to Assyria or Babylon, the reference to the hostility of Tyre and Sidon, and the mention of Greeks have been taken by some commentators as evidence for a postexilic date for Joel. The establishment of the Hebrew monarchy did not affect the basic principles of the theocracy (Deuteronomy 17:14-20; 1 Samuel 8:7). That some of the words he uses are also found in Jeremiah (Obadiah 1, 3, 4; cf. They were to be far in advance of other nations in wisdom and understanding. Daniel was taken to Babylon in 605 B.C., during the accession year of Nebuchadnezzar (see on chapter 1:1). At Mt. They interpreted prophecy in accordance with their selfish desires, because their ambitious hopes were fixed on worldly greatness. However, when we read his But, said the angel, Messiah would be rejected and cut off, because of the abominations of Israel, and Jerusalem and the Temple would once more life waste (verses 26, 27). Thus it was with Daniel, a bright example of what man may become, even in this life, if he will make God his strength and wisely improve the opportunities and privileges within his reach (see Daniel 1:8-20). For these reasons Daniels extended prophetic ministry can be dated approximately from 603 to 535 B.C. If Jeremiah had been writing a novel, he would have been the hero of his own story. Nehemiah 13:23-27). Galatians 5:19-23), and because of this failure to bear the fruit expected of them, forfeited their role in the divine plan (see Romans 11:20). [1] The prophet received his call while still a young man, during the thirteenth year of King Josiahs reign, about 627 or 626 B.C. They devised different theologies to respond to the destruction of the Temple. WebWhat are the common divisions of Isaiah made by contemporary scholars? However, there is no valid reason why Malachi should not be considered a proper name. They were written for our admonition, upon whom the ends of the world are come (1 Corinthians 10:11). The prophet Hosea was a citizen of the northern kingdom of Israel, whose ruler, Jeroboam II, is called by the prophet, our king (chapters 1:1; 7:5). For illustrations of the reversal of threatened judgment, see Jonah 3:3-10; cf. Church tradition suggests that Jeremiah was stoned to death in Egypt by the Jews. The work of no other prophet can be dated so definitely as that of Haggai. For these reasons the 7th-century date for Joel has been adopted in this commentary, although there is no conclusive proof that this choice is correct. They were the most influential prophets to appear on the scene, and their many prophecies have been preserved in the sacred Scriptures. Nehemiahs first term lasted from 444 to 432 B.C. This form literally means that the stretching of the heavens was completed or finished some time ago. However, it is possible that some of his undated prophecies were given at a later time. From generation to generation these holy men of God (2 Peter 1:21) called Israel to repentance and righteousness and kept alive the Messianic hope. However, 2 Kings 14:25 states that Jonah also pronounced a prophecy concerning the expansion of Israel that was fulfilled by Jeroboam II. You may not distribute or commercially use the content on any other website or other form of electronic retrieval system. When Gedaliah is assassinated, the Jews flee to Egypt and force Jeremiah to go with them. Isaiah 54:7; Ezekiel 36:11; 43:10, 11; Micah 6:8; Zechariah 10:6). Long before Norman Podhoretz became one of the intellectual leaders of American neoconservatism, he was a student of Hebrew literature and a passionate reader of the Emphasize to the children that the people at the time did not believe Isaiah. Similarly, the ways in which God dealt with men in crises of the past are often cited as examples of the manner in which He will deal with all the world in the last day (see on Deuteronomy 18:15). Holiness of character (Levites 19:2; see on Matthew 5:48). When the siege of Jerusalem was temporarily lifted at the approach of an Egyptian force, Jeremiah started to leave Jerusalem to go to the land of the tribe of Benjamin. It is possible that he worked much longer, as part of chapters 9-14 may have been given at a much later time. The ministry of Amos may therefore have fallen in the years 767-753 B.C. However, he is again found playing a role on the night of Babylons fall, as interpreter of the mysterious handwriting on the wall (chapter 5). In spite of the bold and zealous efforts of such prophets as Elijah, Elisha, Amos, and Hosea, the northern kingdom rapidly deteriorated and was eventually carried into Assyrian captivity. God may reject one nation or group of people in favor of another if those first summoned persistently refuse to cooperate with Him (see Jeremiah 18:6-10; cf. With the call of Abraham, God set in operation a definite plan for bringing the Messiah into the world and for presenting the gospel invitation to all men (Genesis 12:1-3). Discover what application later inspired writers make of the prophecy, and on this basis determine its possible significance for Gods people in this time. Thereafter, God let out his vineyard [see Isaiah 5:1-7] unto other husbandmen who would render him the fruits in their seasons (see on Matthew 21:41). Foskey, however, is far from a lock to be selected with one of the 31 first-round selections. Any idea that the return of the Jews to their ancestral home, that is, to the new state of Israel, may in any way be related to Bible prophecy is without valid scriptural foundation. WebWhat are the common divisions of Isaiah made by contemporary scholars? Many messages and prophecies can be understood correctly only if seen against the background of the time in which the prophets ministered and in the light of the events that happened during their lives. The day, before, He had called it my house (chapter 21:13), but henceforth He no longer owned it as His. Nahum is called the Elkoshite (chapter 1:1), but Elkosh is unknown as a place name, although commentators have tried to identify it with Elkesi in northern Galilee, Alkush near Mosul, and a town near Eleutheropolis in Judah. For some time he held a high position in Nebuchadnezzars government (chapter 2:48), and became a trusted counselor of the great king. Many years later, in writing to the strangers, or Gentiles (1 Peter 1:1: see on Exodus 12:19, 43), as the elect of God (1 Peter 1:2), Peter refers to them as the chosen ones of God, a holy nation, a peculiar people (chapter 2:9), formerly not a people, but now the people of God (verse 10). Yet the book contains no clear indication of the time in which the prophet lived. The vision concerning Judah and Jerusalem that Isaiah son of Amoz saw during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings Accordingly, Abraham became in a special sense the Friend of God (James 2:23) and the father of all them that believe (Romans 4:11). Because I find it hard to think about BC dates, I've also included the number of years since the end of Solomon's, so that we have a scale of increasing year numbers. Nehemiah 12:12, 16). He has a controversy with them because they have rebelled against His authority (Jeremiah 25:31-33), and He will judge (Joel 3:9-17) and destroy them there (Isaiah 34:1-8; 63:1-6; 66:15-18). Several of the prophets messages are dated exactly, and the last of these dated prophetic messages was received in the 27th year of Ezekiels captivity (chapter 29:17), 571/70. WebIsaiah lived about 100 years before Jeremiah. The covenant with literal Israel proved faulty, not because God failed to carry out His part of the covenant, but rather because Israels fair promises proved evanescent as the morning dew (Hosea 6:4; 13:3; Hebrews 8:6, 7). What archaeological evidence implies Isaiah was a unified book? Whatever the Jews, as a nation, may do, now or in time to come, is in no way related to the former promises made to them. JEREMIAH The blessings of health. Micah, Hosea, and Jeremiah. Rabbinic tradition has it that Isaiah's father, Amoz (not the same as Amos the prophet), was a brother of King Amaziah. During the siege, reprobate Israelites would be slain by their foes (Zechariah 13:8; 14:2). Hence, the year 603 can be considered as the beginning of Daniels ministry as a prophet. The glory that distinguished the early part of the reign of Solomon was due in part to his own faithfulness during that time, and in part to the fact that his father David had seemed to appreciate fully Israels exalted privileges and responsibilities (see Psalms 51:10, 11; Isaiah 55:3; cf. Nothing is impossible with God. He should not be confused with Micaiah, the son of Imlah, a prophet of Israel in Ahabs time (9th century B.C.). Sinai God entered into covenant relation with Israel as a nation (Exodus 19:1-8; 24:3-8; Deuteronomy 7:6-14) upon the same basic conditions and with the same ultimate objectives as the Abrahamic covenant. Acts 1:6), to appear as a liberator and conqueror, and to exalt Israel to dominion over all nations (see on Luke 4:19). Jeremiah blames the people for ethical misbehavior. National greatness. Since the hostile acts of the heathen peoples committed against Judah (chapter 3:4 ff.) For example, the judgment that came upon Sodom and Gomorrah, literal cities of the ancient past, is used by Bible writers as descriptive of the judgment God will eventually bring upon all the world. God did not forsake His people, even during the Captivity. But when the Jews rejected Christ there was no such assurance of reinstatement. Only when its leaders formally rejected the Messiah and declared before Pilate their allegiance to no king but Caesar (John 19:15) did Israel as a nation irrevocably withdraw from the covenant relationship and the theocracy. The sixteen prophetsIsaiah to Malachiwhose writings have come down to us lived during four centuries, from about 800 to 400 B.C. Thus, for more than 1,500 years, a great experiment designed to test the relative merits of good and evil was conducted before the world. They grasped at the material blessings so generously offered them, but refused the spiritual graces that would have transformed their lives and fitted them to be His representatives. To pray by faith for God to fulfill His promises, we must be obedient to Gods difficult commands. God provided Israel with every facility for becoming the greatest nation on the earth. It was last of all that God sent unto them his son, according to Christs own words (Matthew 21:37), but they caught him and slew him (verse 39). According to tradition, how was Isaiah killed? Continuing faithfully under the following three kings, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (chapter 1:1), he seems to have been fiercely hated by Manasseh, Hezekiahs wicked son. King James Bible At the same time spake the LORD by Isaiah the son of Amoz, saying, Go and loose the sackcloth from off thy loins, and put off thy shoe from thy foot. Nations that had known nothing of the true God would run to Jerusalem because of the manifest evidence of divine blessing that attended Israel (chapter 55:5). It ran from the last year Judah's King Uzziah ruled (740 B.C. ), those pointing forward to the eternal rest in Canaan (Isaiah 11:6-9; 35; 65:17-25; 66:20-23; Jeremiah 17:25; Ezekiel 37; 40-48; Zechariah 2:6-12; 14:4-11), and those promising deliverance from her enemies (Isaiah 2:10-21; 24-26; Ezekiel 38; 39; Joel 3; Zephaniah 1; 2; Zechariah 9:9-17; 10-14; etc. The prophet Zephaniah traces his genealogy back to an important personage by the name of Hizkiah, probably King Hezekiah (the names are the same in Hebrew) of Judah. These are followed by chapters 7, 8, 9, 10. There was nothing God could have done for them that He did not do, yet they failed. Instead of becoming light bearers to the world they absorbed its darkness and reflected that darkness instead. Many others, including Lehi and Jeremiah, lived at the same time. It was His purpose to set them on high above all nations of the earth (Deuteronomy 28:1), with the result that all people of the earth would recognize their superiority and call them blessed (Malachi 3:10, 12). For these reasons his ministry can be dated from about 755 (or earlier) to about 725 B.C. Zechariah probably belonged to a priestly family (chapter 1:1; cf. His word endureth for ever (1 Peter 1:25). WebIsaiah was a prophet of the southern kingdom, living in a critical period of his nation. He dies while in Egypt. Technical know-how would render products made in Israel superior to all others. from the ends of the earth (Jeremiah 16:19), to the light of truth shining forth from the mountain of the Lord (Isaiah 2:3; 60:3; 56:7; cf. All the visions of Daniel recorded in chapters 7-12 were received during the last years of his life, the first one (chapter 7) in Belshazzars 1st year (552 or possibly later), and the last one (chapters 10-12) in the 3rd year of Cyrus, 536/35 B.C. Solomon made his great mistake when he failed to realize the secret of Israels prosperity, and with a few noteworthy exceptions, leaders and people sank lower and lower from generation to generation until apostasy was complete (Isaiah 3:12; 9:16; Jeremiah 5:1-5; 8:10; Ezekiel 22:23-31; Micah 3). 6. The prophet Ezekiel, a priest, was one of the 10,000 Jews taken into exile by Nebuchadnezzar in 597 B.C., when King Jehoiachin was carried to Babylon. All three of these guys have overwhelming experience where they are called to be prophets. Spiritual Israel includes both Jews and Gentiles (verse 24). Another reason to trust God is there is nothing too complicated for Him. The prophet Jonah was a Galilean from Gath-hepher. But he will listen also for the further import the prophets words may have for later times, particularly, our time. A date, possibly about 630 B.C., but before the Chaldeans had become a power of some importance, would seem most appropriate for the period of Habakkuks prophetic activity. Any nation and kingdom that would not serve Israel was to perish chapter (60:12). 6566). 1-39 40-55 56-66. Seventh-day Adventists believe that, generally speaking, the promises and predictions given through the Old Testament prophets originally applied to literal Israel and were to have been fulfilled to them on the condition that they obey God and remain loyal to Him. The chart allows both ideas, indicating his possible ministry during the two decades preceding 560 B.C. Since only these two kings are mentioned, Amos seems to have prophesied during the time when both kings were sole rulers in their respective kingdoms. Even during the Captivity, and later under foreign tutelage, Israel remained a theocracy in theory if not fully in practice. At the same time, He permitted the heathen nations to walk in their own ways (Acts 14:16), to furnish an example of what man can accomplish apart from Him. This would make Isaiah first cousin to King Uzziah and grandson to Baruch, son of Neriah. Daniel 2:35). (2 Chron. In his early prophecies, he spoke of an unidentified peril which was to come upon Jerusalem and
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